Fighter Jet F-15

The F-15 was designed as an all-weather air-superiority fighter, first flying in 1972. The F-15E entered service in 1989 as a long-range strike figher - essentially, a bomber version of the F-15. The F-15I Ra'am (Thunder) is a variant of the F-15E specially designed to Israeli specifications. In air combat, the F-15 has 104 kills to 0 losses. Over

half of these kills were made by the Israeli Air Force, including several kills against the MIG-25 Foxbat - the aircraft which the F-15 was originally designed to kill. In 1983, after a colliding with another aircraft, an Israeli pilot flying an F-15 lost most of his right wing. Ignoring orders to eject, the pilot managed to land the aircraft successfully.

General characteristics

o   Crew:              1

o   Length: 63.8 ft (19.44 m)

o   Wingspan: 42.8 ft (13 m)

o   Height: 18.5 ft (5.6 m)

o   Wing area: 608 ft² (56.5 m²)

o   Airfoil: NACA 64A006.6 root, NACA 64A203 tip

o   Empty weight: 28,000 lb (12,700 kg)

o   Loaded weight: 44,500 lb (20,200 kg)

o   Max takeoff weight: 68,000 lb (30,845 kg)

o   Powerplant : 2× Pratt & Whitney F100-220 or 229 afterburning turbofans

o   Dry thrust: 17,450 lbf () each

o   Thrust with afterburner: 25,000 lbf (-220) or 29,000 lbf-(229) each

Aerospace companies in India

Here is a list of ; these are the best companies playing a major role in the Defence aviation of India and contributing to the growth of civil aviation sector in India. Ranking process of these Aerospace Industries in India is frequently being updated by our expert team.

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1 | Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL)
Corporate office – Bangalore, Karnataka | Establishment – 1940 |
Business – Defence and Aerospace | Website – www.hal-india.com |
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited fully owned by the Government of India is among the premier aerospace companies in Bangalore and ranked 34th in the list of world’s top 100 defence companies. It has 19 production units and 10 R & D centers at 8 locations in India and has produced over 4178 Engines , 3658 Aircraft/Helicopters, Upgraded 272 Aircraft and overhauled over 29775 Engines and 9643 Aircraft.

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2 | BrahMos Aerospace Private Ltd.
Corporate office – New Delhi, India | Establishment – 1998 |
Business – Defence and Aerospace | Website – www.brahmos.com |
BrahMos Aerospace Private Ltd. a joint venture between Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO of Russia and the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India is involved in the designing, development and production of BRAHMOS-supersonic cruise missile which is used in various platforms which includes silos, ships, mobile launchers, submarines and aircrafts against sea and land targets.

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3 | Bharat Electronics Ltd.
Corporate office – Bangalore, Karnataka | Establishment – 1954 |
Business – Electronics | Website – www.bel-india.com |
Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL) founded in 1954 in Bangalore and managed and owned by Government of India and works under the Ministry of Defence is one of the leading aerospace companies in India. BEL manufactures specialized electronics equipments/products for the Indian defence services. Company’s product range includes Naval systems, Radars, Defence Communication, Electronic Warfare, Telecommunication and Broadcasting, Opto Electronics, Electronic Components and Tank Electronics. it is an ISO 9001/2 and ISO 14000 certified company.

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4| Electronic Corporation of India Ltd.
Corporate office – Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh | Establishment – 1967 |
Business – Electronics | Website – www.ecil.co.in |
ECIL established in 1967 the Department of Atomic Energy is responsible for the Design, Development, Manufacture and Marketing of several products to cater the needs of Defence, Civil Aviation, Information & Broadcasting, Telecommunications, Insurance, Banking, Police, and Para-Military Forces, Space Education, Oil & Gas, Power Health, Steel, Agriculture and Coal sectors and various departments in the Government domain.

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5 | Boeing International Corporation India Pvt. Ltd.
Corporate office – Chicago, United States | Establishment – 1916 |
Business – Defense & Aerospace | Website – www.boeing.co.in |
Among the top aerospace companies in India and the world’s largest aerospace company Boeing is headquartered in Chicago, United States and has a workforce of over 170000+ employees working across world. Company’s product and services portfolio includes satellites, weapons, electronic and defense systems, commercial and military aircraft, advanced information and communication systems, launch systems & performance-based logistics and training.

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6 | Raytheon
Corporate office – Waltham, Massachusetts, US | Establishment – 1922 |
Business – Defense & Aerospace | Website – www.raytheon.com |
Raytheon is a leading manufacturer of military & commercial electronics and weapons. Raytheon established in 1922 and headquartered at Waltham, US is the world’s largest manufacturer of guided missiles. The company has been operating in India for past 60 years. It offers technical support and service to defense sector of India.

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7 | Lockheed Martin 
Corporate office – Bethesda, Maryland, USA | Establishment – 1995 |
Business – Defense & Aerospace | Website – www.lockheedmartin.com |
Lockheed Martin an American global aerospace and defense company headquartered at Bethesda, Maryland is among the best aerospace companies in India. Lockheed Martin is involved in Aeronautics, Missile and Fire Control, Mission Systems and Training, Space Systems and Information Systems & Global Solutions.

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8 | Honeywell Aerospace 
Corporate office – Phoenix, Arizona, United States | Establishment – 1936 |
Business – Automation | Website – honeywell.com |
Honeywell is tied up with Hindustan Aeronautics limited and offers dedicated technical aerospace service and support. The company is well known name in automation industry in the world and its offerings includes avionics, communication system, propulsion and mechanical system to airlines, aviation aircrafts and defense aircrafts.

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9 | BAE Systems 
Corporate office – London, UK | Establishment – 1999 |
Business – Defense and Security | Website – www.baesystems.com |
It is a well known company in Defense and security industry which started India operation 60 years back. The company is a leading supplier of various defense products such as combat ship, CV90, naval gun system, falcon, destroyers etc.

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10| GE Aviation 
Corporate office – Fairfield, USA | Establishment – 1892 |
Business – Electrical | Website – www.ge.com/in/aviation |
GE is a electrical giant which is rated among the top 10 aerospace companies in India. It is an aircraft engine manufacturer and service provider. Company’s product includes GE 90 and Genx aircraft engines.

RESUME MODEL

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                                                                                                                                                                    Date:  03 December 2008                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

                                                                                                                                

Swept back Wing

 Swept Back Wing

A sweptback wing is one in which the leading edge slopes backward. When a disturbance causes an airplane with sweepback to slip or drop a wing, the low wing presents its leading edge at an angle that is perpendicular to the relative airflow. As a result, the low wing acquires more lift, rises and the airplane is restored to its original flight attitude.

Sweepback also contributes to directional stability. When turbulence or rudder application causes the airplane to yaw to one side, the right wing presents a longer leading edge perpendicular to the relative airflow. The airspeed of the right wing increases and it acquires more drag than the left wing. The additional drag on the right wing pulls it back, yawing the airplane back to its original path.

Wingtip vortices

Wingtip vortices are regions of high vorticity which develop at the tip of a wing as it flies through the air (or potentially another fluid). Wingtip vortices are a form of induced drag, an essentially unavoidable side-effect of the wing generating lift. Designing a wing with a vortex of preferable shape is critically important in aerospace engineering. Wingtip vortices also form the major component of wake turbulence.

As a wing flies through the air, it generates aerodynamic lift by creating a region of higher air pressure beneath the wing than above it, among other factors like air deflection for instance. It must be kept in mind that lift is a sum of forces not a single force. Fluids are forced to flow from high to low pressure and the relatively high pressure air below the wing tends to escape to the top of the wing. The air does not escape around the leading or trailing edge of the wing due to airspeed, but it can flow around the tip. Consequently, air flows from below the wing and out around the tip to the top of the wing in a circular fashion. This leakage will raise the pressure on top of the wing and lower the overall lift that the wing can produce. It also produces an emergent flow pattern with low pressure in the center surrounded by fast moving air with curved streamlines.

Wingtip vortices only affect the portion of the wing closest to the end. Thus, the longer a wing is, the smaller the affected fraction of it will be. As well, the shorter the chord of the wing, the less opportunity air will have to form vortices. This means that for an aircraft to be most efficient, it should have a very high aspect ratio. This is evident in the design of long-range airliners and gliders, where fuel efficiency is of critical importance. However, increasing the wingspan reduces the maneuverability of the aircraft, which is why combat and aerobatic planes usually feature short, stubby wings despite the efficiency losses.

Another method of reducing fuel consumption is use of winglets, as seen on a number of modern airliners such as the Airbus A340.

Swept Wing

A swept-wing is a wing planform common on high-speed aircraft. A swept-wing is typically swept back, instead of being set at right angles to the fuselage. Forward sweep is also used on some aircraft. They were initially used only on fighter aircraft, but have since become almost universal on jets, including airliners and business jets.

This applies to the wing as well, which suggests that wings should have very low aspect ratios, long chord, and be very thin. Examples of this sort of wing can be found on the F-104 Starfighter for instance, which is highly optimized for high-speed performance. However, these same characteristics make a wing have much higher drag at low speeds, and generally have poor performance. The Starfighter is somewhat infamous as a "widowmaker" due to the large number of landing accidents caused by its very fast landing speeds.

Swept wings essentially "fool" the airflow at high speeds into thinking the wing has a longer and flatter profile than it has as measured "head on" to the wing. At high speeds, airflow over the wing travels almost directly front to back, so a wing swept at 45 degrees would see an effective chord 1.4 times the actual chord. This reduces the effects of wave drag, making transonic flight much more economical.

What Is Mach Number?

Mach number, a useful quantity in aerodynamics, is the ratio of air speed to the local speed of sound. At altitude, for reasons explained, Mach number is a function of temperature. Aircraft flight instruments, however, operate using pressure differential to compute Mach number, not temperature. The assumption is that a particular pressure represents a particular altitude and, therefore, a standard temperature. Aircraft flight instruments need to operate this way because the stagnation pressure sensed by a Pitot tube is dependent on altitude as well as speed.
                                     
The speed of sound in an ideal gas is independent of frequency, but does vary slightly with frequency in a real gas. It is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature, but is independent of pressure or density for a given ideal gas. Sound speed in air varies slightly with pressure only because air is not quite an ideal gas. Although (in the case of gases only) the speed of sound is expressed in terms of a ratio of both density and pressure, these quantities cancel in ideal gases at any given temperature, composition, and heat capacity. This leads to a velocity formula for ideal gases which includes only the latter independent variables.