Tuesday, 19 May 2015

Aerospace companies in India

Here is a list of ; these are the best companies playing a major role in the Defence aviation of India and contributing to the growth of civil aviation sector in India. Ranking process of these Aerospace Industries in India is frequently being updated by our expert team.

1 | Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL)
Corporate office – Bangalore, Karnataka | Establishment – 1940 |
Business – Defence and Aerospace | Website – www.hal-india.com |
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited fully owned by the Government of India is among the premier aerospace companies in Bangalore and ranked 34th in the list of world’s top 100 defence companies. It has 19 production units and 10 R & D centers at 8 locations in India and has produced over 4178 Engines , 3658 Aircraft/Helicopters, Upgraded 272 Aircraft and overhauled over 29775 Engines and 9643 Aircraft.

2 | BrahMos Aerospace Private Ltd.
Corporate office – New Delhi, India | Establishment – 1998 |
Business – Defence and Aerospace | Website – www.brahmos.com |
BrahMos Aerospace Private Ltd. a joint venture between Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO of Russia and the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) of India is involved in the designing, development and production of BRAHMOS-supersonic cruise missile which is used in various platforms which includes silos, ships, mobile launchers, submarines and aircrafts against sea and land targets.

3 | Bharat Electronics Ltd.
Corporate office – Bangalore, Karnataka | Establishment – 1954 |
Business – Electronics | Website – www.bel-india.com |
Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL) founded in 1954 in Bangalore and managed and owned by Government of India and works under the Ministry of Defence is one of the leading aerospace companies in India. BEL manufactures specialized electronics equipments/products for the Indian defence services. Company’s product range includes Naval systems, Radars, Defence Communication, Electronic Warfare, Telecommunication and Broadcasting, Opto Electronics, Electronic Components and Tank Electronics. it is an ISO 9001/2 and ISO 14000 certified company.

4| Electronic Corporation of India Ltd.
Corporate office – Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh | Establishment – 1967 |
Business – Electronics | Website – www.ecil.co.in |
ECIL established in 1967 the Department of Atomic Energy is responsible for the Design, Development, Manufacture and Marketing of several products to cater the needs of Defence, Civil Aviation, Information & Broadcasting, Telecommunications, Insurance, Banking, Police, and Para-Military Forces, Space Education, Oil & Gas, Power Health, Steel, Agriculture and Coal sectors and various departments in the Government domain.

5 | Boeing International Corporation India Pvt. Ltd.
Corporate office – Chicago, United States | Establishment – 1916 |
Business – Defense & Aerospace | Website – www.boeing.co.in |
Among the top aerospace companies in India and the world’s largest aerospace company Boeing is headquartered in Chicago, United States and has a workforce of over 170000+ employees working across world. Company’s product and services portfolio includes satellites, weapons, electronic and defense systems, commercial and military aircraft, advanced information and communication systems, launch systems & performance-based logistics and training.

6 | Raytheon
Corporate office – Waltham, Massachusetts, US | Establishment – 1922 |
Business – Defense & Aerospace | Website – www.raytheon.com |
Raytheon is a leading manufacturer of military & commercial electronics and weapons. Raytheon established in 1922 and headquartered at Waltham, US is the world’s largest manufacturer of guided missiles. The company has been operating in India for past 60 years. It offers technical support and service to defense sector of India.

7 | Lockheed Martin
Corporate office – Bethesda, Maryland, USA | Establishment – 1995 |
Business – Defense & Aerospace | Website – www.lockheedmartin.com |
Lockheed Martin an American global aerospace and defense company headquartered at Bethesda, Maryland is among the best aerospace companies in India. Lockheed Martin is involved in Aeronautics, Missile and Fire Control, Mission Systems and Training, Space Systems and Information Systems & Global Solutions.

8 | Honeywell Aerospace
Corporate office – Phoenix, Arizona, United States | Establishment – 1936 |
Business – Automation | Website – honeywell.com |
Honeywell is tied up with Hindustan Aeronautics limited and offers dedicated technical aerospace service and support. The company is well known name in automation industry in the world and its offerings includes avionics, communication system, propulsion and mechanical system to airlines, aviation aircrafts and defense aircrafts.

9 | BAE Systems
Corporate office – London, UK | Establishment – 1999 |
Business – Defense and Security | Website – www.baesystems.com |
It is a well known company in Defense and security industry which started India operation 60 years back. The company is a leading supplier of various defense products such as combat ship, CV90, naval gun system, falcon, destroyers etc.

10| GE Aviation
Corporate office – Fairfield, USA | Establishment – 1892 |
Business – Electrical | Website – www.ge.com/in/aviation |
GE is a electrical giant which is rated among the top 10 aerospace companies in India. It is an aircraft engine manufacturer and service provider. Company’s product includes GE 90 and Genx aircraft engines.

Wednesday, 24 September 2014

RESUME MODEL

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Date: 03 December 2008

Thursday, 5 June 2014

Swept back Wing

Swept Back Wing

A sweptback wing is one in which the leading edge slopes backward. When a disturbance causes an airplane with sweepback to slip or drop a wing, the low wing presents its leading edge at an angle that is perpendicular to the relative airflow. As a result, the low wing acquires more lift, rises and the airplane is restored to its original flight attitude.

Sweepback also contributes to directional stability. When turbulence or rudder application causes the airplane to yaw to one side, the right wing presents a longer leading edge perpendicular to the relative airflow. The airspeed of the right wing increases and it acquires more drag than the left wing. The additional drag on the right wing pulls it back, yawing the airplane back to its original path.

Wingtip vortices

Wingtip vortices are regions of high vorticity which develop at the tip of a wing as it flies through the air (or potentially another fluid). Wingtip vortices are a form of induced drag, an essentially unavoidable side-effect of the wing generating lift. Designing a wing with a vortex of preferable shape is critically important in aerospace engineering. Wingtip vortices also form the major component of wake turbulence.

As a wing flies through the air, it generates aerodynamic lift by creating a region of higher air pressure beneath the wing than above it, among other factors like air deflection for instance. It must be kept in mind that lift is a sum of forces not a single force. Fluids are forced to flow from high to low pressure and the relatively high pressure air below the wing tends to escape to the top of the wing. The air does not escape around the leading or trailing edge of the wing due to airspeed, but it can flow around the tip. Consequently, air flows from below the wing and out around the tip to the top of the wing in a circular fashion. This leakage will raise the pressure on top of the wing and lower the overall lift that the wing can produce. It also produces an emergent flow pattern with low pressure in the center surrounded by fast moving air with curved streamlines.

Wingtip vortices only affect the portion of the wing closest to the end. Thus, the longer a wing is, the smaller the affected fraction of it will be. As well, the shorter the chord of the wing, the less opportunity air will have to form vortices. This means that for an aircraft to be most efficient, it should have a very high aspect ratio. This is evident in the design of long-range airliners and gliders, where fuel efficiency is of critical importance. However, increasing the wingspan reduces the maneuverability of the aircraft, which is why combat and aerobatic planes usually feature short, stubby wings despite the efficiency losses.

Another method of reducing fuel consumption is use of winglets, as seen on a number of modern airliners such as the Airbus A340.

Swept Wing

A swept-wing is a wing planform common on high-speed aircraft. A swept-wing is typically swept back, instead of being set at right angles to the fuselage. Forward sweep is also used on some aircraft. They were initially used only on fighter aircraft, but have since become almost universal on jets, including airliners and business jets.

This applies to the wing as well, which suggests that wings should have very low aspect ratios, long chord, and be very thin. Examples of this sort of wing can be found on the F-104 Starfighter for instance, which is highly optimized for high-speed performance. However, these same characteristics make a wing have much higher drag at low speeds, and generally have poor performance. The Starfighter is somewhat infamous as a "widowmaker" due to the large number of landing accidents caused by its very fast landing speeds.

Swept wings essentially "fool" the airflow at high speeds into thinking the wing has a longer and flatter profile than it has as measured "head on" to the wing. At high speeds, airflow over the wing travels almost directly front to back, so a wing swept at 45 degrees would see an effective chord 1.4 times the actual chord. This reduces the effects of wave drag, making transonic flight much more economical.

What Is Mach Number?

Mach number, a useful quantity in aerodynamics, is the ratio of air speed to the local speed of sound. At altitude, for reasons explained, Mach number is a function of temperature. Aircraft flight instruments, however, operate using pressure differential to compute Mach number, not temperature. The assumption is that a particular pressure represents a particular altitude and, therefore, a standard temperature. Aircraft flight instruments need to operate this way because the stagnation pressure sensed by a Pitot tube is dependent on altitude as well as speed.

The speed of sound in an ideal gas is independent of frequency, but does vary slightly with frequency in a real gas. It is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature, but is independent of pressure or density for a given ideal gas. Sound speed in air varies slightly with pressure only because air is not quite an ideal gas. Although (in the case of gases only) the speed of sound is expressed in terms of a ratio of both density and pressure, these quantities cancel in ideal gases at any given temperature, composition, and heat capacity. This leads to a velocity formula for ideal gases which includes only the latter independent variables.

Hypersonic speed

In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is one that is highly supersonic (even though the origin of the words is the same: "super" is the Latin cognate of the Greek "hyper"). Since the 1970s, the term has generally been assumed to refer to speeds of Mach 5 and above.

The precise Mach number at which a craft can be said to be flying at hypersonic speed varies, since individual physical changes in the airflow (like molecular dissociation and ionization) occur at different speeds; these effects collectively become important around Mach 5. The hypersonic regime is often alternatively defined as speeds where ramjets do not produce net thrust.Although "subsonic" and "supersonic" usually refer to speeds below and above the local speed of sound respectively, aerodynamicists often use these terms to refer to particular ranges of Mach values. This occurs because a "transonic regime" exists around M=1 where approximations of the Navier-Stokes equations used for subsonic design no longer apply, partly because the flow locally exceeds M=1 even when the freestream Mach number is below this value.

The "supersonic regime" usually refers to the set of Mach numbers for which linearised theory may be used; for example, where the (air) flow is not chemically reacting and where heat-transfer between air and vehicle may be reasonably neglected in calculations.

Generally, NASA defines "high" hypersonic as any Mach number from 10 to 25, and re-entry speeds as anything greater than Mach 25. Among the aircraft operating in this regime are the Space Shuttle and (theoretically) various developing space planes.